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| | | Ocean Dumping and Ship Wastes |
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| | This section deals with ocean dumping and ship wastes. It includes nuclear waste disposal, sewage outfalls, land-based materials or those that derive from shipping, such as from cargo transport ships and passenger ships. | | | | About 80-90% of the material dumped at sea results from dredging and currently amounts to hundreds of millions of tons a year. Of the total material dredged, probably two-thirds is associated with operations to keep harbours, rivers and other waterways from silting up. The other third involves new works. Future dredging operations and the requirement for ocean disposal are expected to follow current trends. The ocean disposal of dredged material represents only 20-22% of the total dredged and the remainder is mostly dumped in internal waters, or placed on land for disposal or productive purposes. Approximately 10% of dredged sediments are heavily contaminated from a variety of sources including shipping, industrial and municipal discharges, and land runoff. Typical contaminants include heavy metals, such as cadmium, mercury and chromium; hydrocarbons, such as oil; organochlorines such as pesticides; and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous. Disposal at sea of these materials carries the possibility of acute or chronic toxic effects on marine organisms, and potential contamination of human food sources. | | | | It was recognized that ships, especially oil powered ships, could cause pollution and both the United Kingdom and the United States introduced legislation in the 1920s to curb discharges of oil resulting from operations such as tank cleaning. Attempts to tackle the problem at an international level were unsuccessful, however, and the outbreak of World Wear II resulted in the problem being deferred. The potential for oil to pollute was finally recognised by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954. The Convention provided for certain functions to be undertaken by the International Maritime Organization. OILPOL 54 prohibited the dumping of oily wastes within a certain distance from land and in 'special areas' where the danger to the environment was especially acute.
See More... | | | | |
 | | | | | | | Title | Atlas of marine activities and coastal communities in SE Australia
( DOCUMENT )
| | Author(s) / Editor(s) | BRS-Australia | | Description | The Atlas provides decision makers with a credible scientific resource for informing current and future marine and coastal planning initiatives. It is the first comprehensive and authoritative description of the range and extent of human activities in the South-East Marine Region and their relationship to coastal communities. For the first time readers can see where fish are caught in Australia?s oceans, the value of those catches, and find information on a wide range of industrial, recreational and other uses. This Atlas also describes coastal communities in the Region, identifies those that depend on commercial fishing and gauges the potential social impacts of changing access to resources. It is a powerful platform to inform debate and decision making. The Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS) produced the Atlas to inform regional marine planning - the primary mechanism for achieving the Commonwealth Government?s Oceans Policy initiatives. | | Keywords | AQUACULTURE; RESEARCH; FISHERIES; ATLAS; RESOURCES; RECREATION; MAPS; OIL; CABLES; POPULATION; OCEAN DISPOSAL | | Geography Keywords | AUSTRALIA | | Content Language(s) | English | |
| Web Address | http://www.affa.gov.au/c ... 188546D1E | |
| Type of Document | Atlas | | Document Status | Finished | |
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| Serge Garcia
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1076 Topics - 5135 Related Knowledge - 2534 Members - 34 Editors |
