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| | | Polar Ecosystems |
Maintained by NOAA
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| | Polar Ecosystems | | |  The Arctic and Antarctic regions are both characterized by: - ice and snow,
- year-round cold temperatures, and
- drastic changes in photoperiod that prevent photosynthesis during a large part of the year.
However, there are fundamental differences that make the two polar regions very different both physically and biologically. We have a better understanding of shallow-water Antarctic ecosystems than we have of the Arctic ecosystems.
South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula with Weddell seals, Southern fur seals and Chinstrap penguins. Photo: NOAA Fisheries. | | | | Antarctic Region | | |  The Antarctic marine ecosystem lies in the circumpolar Southern Ocean surrounding the central continent of Antarctica. There is no inflow from rivers or sediment but nutrient rich water rises to the surface and fertilizes the Antarctic surface waters. The Antarctic fauna is far richer than the Arctic and has a high degree of endemism and biomass. Antarctic benthic communities usually have several dominant species. The fish fauna is mostly endemic and adapted to below-freezing water. The bird communities are similar at a given latitude in all parts of the Southern Ocean basin.
South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. Adelie and Chinstrap penguins. Photo: NOAA Fisheries. | | | | Arctic Region | | |  By contrast, the Arctic Ocean system is an isolated sea, permanently covered by ice in the center, and surrounded by landmasses. These have several large rivers that discharge sediment into the basin resulting in a substrate of particulate matter and a low-saline stratified surface layer. The Arctic fauna is impoverished and derives from the Atlantic Ocean. Arctic benthic communities are often dominated by one or only a few species. The fish fauna is generalized. There are strong differences between the bird communities at similar latitudes in different parts of the ocean basin.
Polar bears, Ursus maritimus, typically only eat the fat of their kill. From Polar Bears at Risk. Reproduced with permission from WWF© 2002 WWF-Norway. All rights reserved.
Based on Nybakken, James W. 2000 Marine Biology. An Ecological Approach. 5th Ed. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. 516 pp (see Related Knowledge for more details) | | | | |
 | | | | | Environmental Status of the European Seas
by Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety 30 June 2003 | |
| | Draws on the resources of 1,600 marine scientists from the 19 member countries of ICES to report on the environmental status of the Northeast Atlantic, the Baltic Sea and elsewhere. Funded by the German Government. | |
Read more at http://www.ices.dk/repor ... samme.pdf.
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1076 Topics - 5135 Related Knowledge - 2534 Members - 34 Editors |
