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|  Improving food security requires making better use of fish produced by reducing post-harvest losses and increasing the percentage of fish used for direct human consumption. Post harvest losses caused by spoilage amount to about 10 to 12 million tonnes per year and, in addition, an estimated 20 million tonnes of fish a year are discarded at sea, another form of post-harvest loss. Converting low-value resources, into products for direct human consumption, rather than reducing them to fishmeal, would also contribute to greater food security.Exercising jurisdiction over natural resources - such as fish stocks, water, or land - enables a state, either directly or through delegated authority, to reduce or eliminate the risk of overuse and other degradations. This is achieved, inter alia, by controlling access to the resources, implicitly or explicitly allocating the resources to selected individuals or groups of people. Allowing some to access and use the resources, while excluding others, creates rights to the stream of benefits that arise from the use of the resource. However, property- or use-rights in fisheries is often controversial because of differing interpretations of the concept, the variety of forms that property rights might take, and equity problems occuring when rights are created. | | |  At international level, governance arrangements are often inadequate and do not result in effective management of fisheries. Reasons often include: weak decision-making mechanisms, ineffective enforcement and conflict resolution, the ecosystem and the jurisdiction boundaries do not coincide, and in most developing regions a lack of human and financial resources. The relationship between environmental and fisheries conventions and agreements is also a problem. Issues that are frequently raised in relation to good governance practices are the use of subsidies in fisheries, participation and transparency of management, and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. However, a number of important international instruments adopted during the last decade of the 20th century have improved the governance framework. The 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement and the FAO's Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing are among the most important of them. Similarly, the FAO International Plans of Action (IPOAs) adopted by FAO member states improve the likelihood of improved governance of fisheries. | | | | |
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