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|  However, problems of accidental capture of low-resilience and ecologically-sensitive species could emerge as in the large-scale driftnet fisheries. The relative failure of international management to establish sustainable fisheries in many areas, despite the high quality of the research sometimes provided, is clearly demonstrated by the dwindling resource base, excessive catching capacity, uncontrolled transfers of fishing effort between resources and oceans, depletion of many highly valuable resources, including those in the Antarctic, and possibly beyond recovery for some whales.The fact that uncontrolled development of fishing effort leads to serious ecological, social and economic problems has now been widely acknowledged in the scientific literature and by high-level fisheries management and development authorities. In day-to-day practice, however, this verbal recognition does not always seem to translate into facts and the future of high seas resources must therefore be considered carefully. A strengthened framework for better management of high seas resources is provided by the 1995 UN Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the 1982 Convention of the Law of the Sea Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (the UN Fish Stocks Agreement) and by the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and its 1993 Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (the Compliance Agreement). In addition, the adoption in 1999 by the FAO Committee on Fisheries of an international plan of action to curb Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU fishing) is a positive move towards improving management in both EEZs and the high seas.Trade in fish is common to all societies and has taken place from time immemorial. A fisher returning with more fish than is needed to meet personal needs will tend to exchange surplus fish for other goods or services. The distribution of fish globally is also very uneven. Some places enjoy abundance far beyond the needs of the local population, while others may have no direct access to fisheries resources. This necessitates trade, which achieves a more even distribution of fish across the globe. | | | | Trade has always played an important part of the fisher's livelihood, even in ''subsistence" fisheries. International fish trade has been increasing very rapidly in recent decades. An estimated 45% of the world catch is now traded internationally. The widespread use of refrigeration, and improved transportation and communications has facilitated a vast expansion of trade. The theory of international trade tells that through free and unhindered trade we could optimise the benefits of fisheries resources for humanity as a whole. The idea of free trade in the fisheries, however, is often vehemently contested because there are often tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade and other distorting factors, such as subsidies, present in trading relationships. | | | | International trade rules have developed through several rounds of international trade negotiations under the GATT. The last of these, the 1994 Uruguay Round, agreed to establish the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and a number of important agreements with relevance to fisheries were concluded. The FAOs Committee on Fisheries has a Sub-Committee on Fish Trade, which provides an inter-governmental forum for consultations on technical and economic aspects of trade in fish and fish products. | | | | |
 | | | | | | | Title | Seafood safety: Economics of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) programmes
( DOCUMENT )
| | Author(s) / Editor(s) | Cato, J.C | | Description | Seventy percent of the world's catch of fish and fishery products is consumed as food. Fish and shellfish products represent 15.6 percent of animal protein supply and 5.6 percent of total protein supply on a worldwide basis. Developing countries account for almost 50 percent of global fish exports. Seafood-borne disease or illness outbreaks affect consumers both physically and financially, and create regulatory problems for both importing and exporting countries. Seafood safety as a commodity cannot be purchased in the marketplace and government intervenes to regulate the safety and quality of seafood. Theoretical issues and data limitations create problems in estimating what consumers will pay for seafood safety and quality. The costs and benefits of seafood safety must be considered at all levels, including the fishers, fish farmers, input suppliers to fishing, processing and trade, seafood processors, seafood distributors, consumers and government. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) programmes are being implemented on a worldwide basis for seafood. Studies have been completed to estimate the cost of HACCP in various shrimp, fish and shellfish plants in the United States, and are underway for some seafood plants in the United Kingdom, Canada and Africa. Major developments within the last two decades have created a set of complex trading situations for seafood. Current events indicate that seafood safety and quality can be used as non-tariff barriers to free trade. Research priorities necessary to estimate the economic value and impacts of achieving safer seafood are outlined at the consumer, seafood production and processing, trade and government levels. An extensive list of references on the economics of seafood safety and quality is presented. | | Keywords | FIGIS | |
| Content Language(s) | English | |
| Web Address | http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/x0465e/x0465e00.HTM | |
| Type of Document | Paper: Working paper | | Document Status | Finished | | Publisher | FAO Rome, Italy | | Publication Location | Rome, Italy | | Publication Date | August 2001 | |
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| Reference Numbers | | ISBN | 92-5-102-414-4 | ISSN | 0429-934 |
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| Part Of | FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 381, 1998 | |
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1076 Topics - 5135 Related Knowledge - 2534 Members - 34 Editors |
