The
main issues affecting the uses of the ocean and their
overall governance are catalogued and described here under cross-cutting
and broad topics. This section is divided into the following
sub-topics:
- Climate
Variability and Climate Change: origin, trends
and impacts of global climate change on all sectors and
possible adaptations to reduce or mitigate impacts and take
advantage of opportunities. Addresses temperature changes,
sea level rise, ice changes, currents, storminess, disease,
algal blooms, impacts, adaptations, outlook for the future,
and research and governance institutions.
- Economics:
economic issues, and institutions. Includes economic yield
and rent, poverty reduction, investment, profitability,
economic incentives and disincentives, projections
- Emergencies:
dramatic and mostly unexpected events negatively affecting
ocean activities, includes harmful algal blooms, storms,
hurricanes, icebergs, tsunamis, warning and aid institutions,
research foci, projections, outlook for the future
- Food
Security: all aspects related to access and availability
of seafood from capture fisheries or aquaculture and related
problems including poverty; contains information on aquaculture,
fisheries precautionary approach, catch trends & projections,
institutions, enforcement, future
- Governance:
contains frameworks, institutions and processes involved
in Law of the Sea and other policy development and implementation
(including enforcement, performance assessments, indicators)
and related aspects such as information on national, regional
and international policies, relating to ocean uses, laws
and regulations, legislation, including legislative bodies,
fishing use rights, jurisdictions, illegal fishing activities,
monitoring and surveillance, CZM (Coastal Zone Management),
Law of the Sea, rules & institutions, territorial waters,
dispute resolution, enforcement, trends
- Human
Health: includes all ocean-related phenomena
issues of relevance to human health such as algal blooms,
pollution, water-borne diseases, food quality and contamination,
invasive species introductions, contingency planning, crowding,
environmental modification, dredging, institutions, research
foci, and outlook for the future
- Pollution
and Degradation: describes negative modifications
of the oceans environment, information on pollution and
degradation, various uses and problems associated with their
limitation and mitigation, ocean dumping, food safety, atmosphere-borne,
nutrient loading, non-point source, impacts, controls, research
foci, enforcement, outlook for the future
- Safety:
addresses safety at sea, accidents, storms, safety standards
and includes institutions, research foci and projections
- Sustainable
Development: covers all issues related to sustainable
and responsible conduct in using the oceans; includes legal
and policy issues, indicators, status and trends, institutions,
research foci, management techniques and projections
Each
of these topics includes background information, UN agency programme
roles, legal and policy frameworks, institutions, research needs,
and an assessment of what the future holds.
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Ocean issues
