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Uses
of the Oceans covers the Ocean's living and non-living resources with an emphasis on sustainable development, organized within topics:
- Disposal of Waste from Land: including sewage, non-point sources, carbon dioxide sink
- Energy: including conversion of tidal, wave, thermal (OTEC), salinity and wind energy
- Fisheries and Aquaculture: including resources, technology, production, processing, utilization, trade, governance
- Human Settlements on the Coast: including coastal urbanization and development, destruction of habitats and other physical alterations
- Marine Biotechnology: information on pharmaceuticals, other chemicals, genetic resources and products developed from marine living resources using biotechnology
- Non-Consumptive Uses: including clean water, endangered species, marine reserves, habitats, viewing of nature (ecotourism), aesthetic values and amenities
- Ocean Dumping and Ship Wastes: including dredging of ports, voluntary dumping, disused oil platforms, discharges from cargo and passenger ships, nuclear waste disposal
- Offshore Oil, Gas and Mining: exploration and extraction of oil and gas; gravel, sand and mineral mining from the coast to deep water
- Recreation and Tourism: including fishing, boating, swimming, surfing and other types of recreation and tourism, infrastructure development, management approaches, managing the impact
- Transportation and Telecommunication: including maritime transport and telecommunications (pipes, cables), navigation, port infrastructure, shipping rules, safety at sea, routes, congestion, accidents, governance
Each of these topics includes background information, the role of UN-Oceans agencies, legal and policy frameworks, institutions, research needs, and an assessment of what the future holds.
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Uses of the Oceans