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Biological Development in the Oceans Maintained by CoML  
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LIFE IN THE OCEANS BEGINS
 
The foundation for much of this Biological Development section is Man and the Ocean, a CD-ROM produced by the Russian Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography (HDNO).

The organic kingdom of the Archean contained only micro-organisms, unicellular and not possessing nuclei. Among them were diverse bacteria and primitive algae. They lived not only in top layers of the water, but also in places in the shallow ocean.   See More...

 
Development of the Plant and Animal Kingdoms
 
The Palaeozoic era (570-230 million years ago), is divided into six periods: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. In the extensive oceans of this era, the plant and animal kingdoms developed and evolved. Many marine animals already had calcareous or silicic shells and skeletons. In the early Palaeozoic time, the first vertebrate animals evolved. By the middle of the Palaeozoic era, extensive parts of the land-mass had become colonised by plants and various species of fishes developed in the oceans. By the end of the Palaeozoic the first animals - vertebrates - began to leave the sea. These were amphibians. At the time-boundary between the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic, the single continent (land-mass) was split into two "super-continents" - Laurasia in the Northern Hemisphere and Gondwana in the Southern Hemisphere.   See More...
 
 
 
 
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Biological Resources Biological Resources Biological Resources 
Books
State-of-the-art of science in marine animals in the North Pacific Ocean Marine Life in the North Pacific Ocean: the known, unknown and unknowable State-of-the-art of science in marine animals in the North Pacific Ocean...  
Projects
An interdisciplinary research program that uses historical and environmental archives to examine the changes in marine communities over the past 500 years. The goals of HMAP are to examine the ecological impacts of large-scale harvesting, long-term changes in stock abundance, and the role of marine resources in historical development. HMAP - History of Marine Animal Populations An interdisciplinary research program that uses historical and environmental ar...  
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